аЯрЁБс>ўџ (*ўџџџ'џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьЅС3 №Пjbjb^^ h<h< џџџџџџlJJJJJ VJV vvvvvvvv       ,v – TA vvvvvA bvvvbbbvšvv b2v b$b†Г џ j шЊБИJJRЫ џ V V г ,ъbъџ bУхMORPHOLOGY PAGES Although nematodes vary greatly in their morphology, all have basically five body systems: digestive, reproductive, excretory, nervous and body wall (Fig. 1). The digestive system anteriorly includes a mouth-like stoma, separated from the intestine by a muscular/glandular pharynx (esophagus) at a pharyngeal intestinal value (Fig. 2). In females and female-like hermaphrodites the intestine terminates as a muscular rectum followed by an anus; whereas in males the digestive system ends as a cloaca; that is, a duct shared between the terminus of the digestive and reproductive systems (Fig. 2). The digestive system anteriorly includes a mouth-like stoma. The stoma is separated from the intestine by a muscular/glandular pharynx (esophagus) at a pharyngeal intestinal value (=cardia). The mouth-like stoma is the anterior end of the digestive system. The opening of the stoma with a cuticular lining most closely associated with the body wall is the cheiolostom. The remainder of the stoma is either surrounded by the pharynx (stegostom) or not (gymnostom) (Fig. 3). The stoma may be a simple open cylindrical cavity (Fig. 3A, B), it may be modified with teeth (Fig. 3C) or a hypodermic-needle-like stylet (Fig. 3D, E) depending on the feeding style of a particular nematode as shown in the examples (Fig. 3). The needle-like stylet may developmentally be a modification of the stoma wall (Fig. 3D) or alternately it may be a modified tooth (odontostylet) associated with an elongate base under the tooth (odontophore) (Fig. 3E). The pharynx is the muscular and glandular part of the digestive system between the stoma and intestine . It is separated from the intestine by a pharyngeal-intestinal valve that restricts regurgitation (Fig. 4A). The silhouette of the pharynx may be three part with the corpus (anterior) separated from the end bulb (posterior) by a narrow isthmus (Fig. 4A). However in many nematodes the silhouette is expressed as one Fig. 4B, C) or two parts. (Fig. 4D-G). THROUGH THE VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE The microscope is an essential tool in biology, but learning how to use it requires practice and typically involves two different sets of skills: Learning how to use the many knobs, sliders and switches that control the optical, electric and mechanical parts of the microscope. Learning how to interpret what you see. The latter skill requires substantial exercise of the visual centers of your brain, and usually takes much more time to develop. This multimedia tool is specifically aimed at shortening learning process (2), by teaching you how to recognize transparent structures and how to build up a mental 3-D reconstruction of the 2-D images your eyes see. Recognizing each structure becomes much easier once you have seen some good examples. We therefore provide you with a selection of better-than-average microscopy specimen, captured through a microscope that is more powerful than the average student microscope. Three-dimensional mental images require that you learn to interpret the many effects of fine focusing up and down through a specimen. We therefore present you with video images where the slider button simulates fine focus control. The fine focus knob is the single most important knob on a microscope – use it all the time! Pв9Ye‰В™іљљёљёљёљ5CJOJQJ CJOJQJ ДЕ/ 0   ю я ЁЂ&'OPвгЋЌБВ™šј§ћћћћѕћѕћѕћ§ћћ№ъ№ћшћћћћћшћћ„h^„h & F„а`„аДЕ/ 0   ю я ЁЂ&'Oќљіѓ№эъчфсоќливЯЧХШўџџ  Щўџџ Mџџџ NџџџсџџџјџџсљџџтљџџаќџџбќџџKџџџLџџџэџџџюџџџяџџџјљњћќ§ўџ§§§§§§§§Аа/ Ар=!А"А# $ %А i4@ёџ4NormalCJOJPJQJmH 0@0 Heading 1$@&5<A@ђџЁ<Default Paragraph Font2B@ђ2 Body Text CJOJQJ џџџџ џџ z™ џџ z™Ќ  ј  Ъд ƒ%+’›ер"+5>ажOUУЯ џj}сэ|‡—Ѕрь џџ Paul De Ley#Macintosh HD:159CD:Text for webpage Paul De Ley<Macintosh HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Text for w Paul De Ley<Macintosh HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Text for w Paul De Ley<Macintosh HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Text for w Paul De Ley<Macintosh HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Text for w Paul De Ley<Macintosh HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Text for w Paul De Ley<Macintosh HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Text for w Paul De Ley#Macintosh HD:159CD:Text for webpage Paul De Ley<Macintosh HD:Temporary Items:AutoRecovery save of Text for w Paul De Ley#Macintosh HD:159CD:Text for webpage!;'AV§ ~џџџџџџџџџ„а„˜ўЦа^„а`„˜ўo(()€„ „˜ўЦ ^„ `„˜ў.‚„p„LџЦp^„p`„Lџ.€„@ „˜ўЦ@ ^„@ `„˜ў.€„„˜ўЦ^„`„˜ў.‚„р„LџЦр^„р`„Lџ.€„А„˜ўЦА^„А`„˜ў.€„€„˜ўЦ€^„€`„˜ў.‚„P„LџЦP^„P`„Lџ.!;'Aџџџџџџџџ˜вZП        џ  џ@€N N Јˆ)@;;N N ž“ @ @GTimes New Roman5€Symbol3 Arial5 Tahoma3Times qˆ№аhѕCcІTcњ…ЎL$№ЅРДД€>0dЈ O y@№џџAlthough nematodes vary greatly in their morphology all have five body systems: digestive, reproductive, excretory, nervous and Paul De Ley Paul De Leyўџ р…ŸђљOhЋ‘+'Гй0дˆ$8DT ht  œ ЈДМФЬ'€Although nematodes vary greatly in their morphology all have five body systems: digestive, reproductive, excretory, nervous andlth Paul De LeyaulNormal  Paul De Ley3ulMicrosoft Word 9.0v@\Вь"@жК`ќЦС@.Н“ШС…Ўўџ еЭеœ.“—+,љЎ0t hpˆ˜  ЈАИР Ш T' UC RiversideemЈ Я €Although nematodes vary greatly in their morphology all have five body systems: digestive, reproductive, excretory, nervous and Title ўџџџўџџџўџџџ !"#$%&ўџџџ§џџџ)ўџџџўџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџRoot Entryџџџџџџџџ РFd‘ПPШС+€1TableџџџџџџџџWordDocumentџџџџџџџџSummaryInformation(џџџџDocumentSummaryInformation8џџџџџџџџџџџџCompObjџџџџџџџџџџџџXџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџўџџџџџ РFMicrosoft Word DocumentўџџџNB6WWord.Document.8